BASE GEOPHYSICS

Geothermal Energy can be defined as the form of heat energy which is derived from Earth's rocks and fluid in the Earth's crust. Formation of Geothermal energy Resources Geothermal energy resources start to form when molten rocks (magma) from the deep inner part of the Earth's core penetrate to the upper crust of the Earth and heat the surrounding rocks. In the presence of geological structures such as Fractures, faults, minor lineaments, and pore spaces in the surrounding  (sedimentary) rocks can favors the seepage and circulation of rainwater into deep hot part of the Earth and become heated and develop a Geothermal (resources) system . The energy that can be trapped from this system is known as Geothermal Energy. Advantages of using geothermal energy The following are 4 reasons for why you should utilize energy extracted from these resources, 1. Clean energy source It is an environmentally friendly source, because it doesn't produce significant pollution. 2. Viabl...

There is no doubt that most of us know that seismic imaging techniques opened a new way for geoscientists to see the unseen part below the earth. And the method applied back for over 75 years especially in the oil industry, and is still giving the promised results. And with the recent advancement of technology the technique still innovates to give more depth of investigation and detailed images through techniques such as seismic tomography . However we have to be specific that this post is tailored to reflection tomography that applies artificial controlled active sources of seismic energy.  The basic concept of seismic reflection imaging seemed to be simple to grasp, such as sending seismic waves into the subsurface, then recording them on the surface using various seismic receivers after they bounced and modified into subsurface reflectors. It is that simple!  But when it come to reality this method is challenging why? ➤ First it is logistically intensive in acquisition...

It is obvious that after the Normal Move Out (NMO) correction and stacking, only a zero-offset section is synthesized, and the fact that the offset dependence of the receiver position with respect to the source has been removed. That means, we have a section as if we did a seismic survey with source and receiver at the same place, thus zero-offset. Migration deals with a further removal of wave phenomena via focussing in order to arrive at a section which is a true representation of the subsurface . Migration is the focussing process which results in a true image of the subsurface from primary-reflection data, assuming the velocity model is correct. Migration is the process of reconstructing a seismic section so that reflection events are repositioned under their correct surface location and at a correct vertical reflection travel time. Equivalently, this mean that migration obtains the true image in (x, y, z) from seismic data that are obtained in (x, y, t), where x, y and z sta...