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The difference between Seismic Reflection and Refraction explained.

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Seismic Reflection and Seismic Refraction are the two geophysical techniques of active seismology. These seismic techniques measure the travel time of the acoustic seismic waves after they either reflect or refract from different material mediums. Also the fact that they utilize the same data acquisition instruments and tools ranging from seismic sources like sledge hammer, dynamite, to seismograph receivers like geophone and hydrophones still continue to pose questions regarding their differences. Despite this, similarity these two seismic techniques operate differently and objected to produce different results. And the fact that if you are not an expert in this field of geophysics it would be very challenging to make a clear distinction between these two seismic techniques. If you want to know these comparisons in clear and simplified way check and visit to Comparative Geophysics eBook . This post is intended to make  clear to  you the differences between seismic reflectio...
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Geophysical methods for groundwater exploration

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There is no doubt that water is a unique and invaluable natural resource on our planet Earth. And the fact that we need it in our daily activities. Also by nature plants and other living things depend on it for their existence. So water is LIFE! There are many sources of surface water ranging from oceans , lakes, seas, to polar ice . However due to periodic global climatic changes and other factors which cause depletion of safe and clean surface water. Many people mostly living in rural areas of the developing world, for example some African and Asian countries, fail to access the portable water of adequate quality and quantity.  However groundwater is the next most significant source behind oceans and polar ice. It is approximately 50 to 70 times more plentiful than surface water (Fetter 1994). And the fact that most groundwater is not frequently experiencing surface and bacteriological pollution, so it is an alternative way for gaining clean and safe water.  It is a  ke...
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Electrical Resistivity Method in groundwater exploration

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Resistivity survey measures the electrical conductivity of the various geological materials in subsurface by simply applying the direct current into the ground through current electrodes and recording the potential difference between potential electrodes to give the electrical resistivity of the subsurface. However the survey design depends on the geology of the site and the expected end goal of the survey. Electrical Resistivity gained attention especially in searching for groundwater resources, due to promising direct relationship between electrical conductivity of groundwater and electrical Resistivity. Groundwater exploration is the systematic process of searching for groundwater resources (aquifers) by applying geologic, geochemical and geophysical techniques. Groundwater refers to the water that occupies the subsurface spaces and interacted with subsurface geologic environment. There are three (3) common methods of conducting electrical resistivity surveys for groundwater explo...
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