BASE GEOPHYSICS

Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) is the non - destructive geophysical technique that applies radio-waves to image the subsurface. It is the most modern and rapidly developing geophysical technology.  GPR technology uses a transmitter that emits pulses of high frequency electromagnetic waves into the subsurface. Transmitter is either moved slowly across the ground surface or moved at a fixed station interval. GPR is used to investigate depths from the first centimeters to hundreds of meters. The simplicity and speed in carrying out fieldwork using the GPR method combined with the lightweight of the equipment set make it possible to operate GPR surveys on multi environments such as  the ground, from the air, underwater and in space. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) System A GPR system (a radar) is a device for non-destructive subsurface imaging that operates by electromagnetic waves. GPR depending upon configuration comprised of radio frequency (RF) transmitter , receiver, ADC...

The physical properties of the Earth such as internal structure, density , pressure and elasticity is provided by means of seismic waves study.  However the  contribution of mineralogical and petrological studies are not undermined when it comes to revealing the facts about the interior of the Earth. Through this post, you will learn the facts about Earth's internal structure! There are discontinuities that separate Earth into layers based on either rock properties or seismic velocity changes. Moho is the term that is frequently used which means Depth They are described as follows here down, i/ Seismological Moho This is the depth at which the P - wave velocity exceeds 7.6 kms -1 ii/ Petrological Moho This is the depth where rock types change. Based on above Moho the following internal discontinuities of the Earth are derived, 1: Gutenberg Discontinuity This lies between the Mantle and Core part of the Earth. 2: Mohorovic Discontinuity This lies between the Crust and the M...

Seismic data acquisition is the systematic process at which the modified seismic waves from seismic reflectors are recorded by various seismic receivers such as geophones or hydrophones . That is simple to define, however to know the way through which this process occurs is very important as this will give you an idea  when dealing with seismic interpretation tasks. And this is why I have written this piece of article to help you to have an idea on how seismic surveys can be carried out. There are two common techniques at which field seismic data acquisition can be conducted, these are 2-D and 3-D techniques. Due to advancing in technology there is another term known as 4D - seismic technique especially in oil and gas industry , However deciding which one you can deploy will depend on various factors such as geophysical seismic objectives, budget, size of survey area, nature of geological terrain being surveyed. Let's start to describe these terms in more convenient man...